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שבת · טקס

Kiddush

קִדּוּשׁkiddush
ממתין לבדיקת מומחים

Kiddush ("sanctification") is the blessing by which the holiness of Shabbat or a holiday is proclaimed in words. It is said over a cup of wine or grape juice, on Friday evening and on holidays at the start of dinner, and in a shorter form also before the daytime meal.

התרגום לעברית בהכנה. מוצג הטקסט המקורי.

01

Origin and obligation

הלכה

The Talmud interprets the commandment "Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy" to mean that Shabbat should be remembered over wine.1,2

הלכה⁂ לאימות

Maimonides counts the verbal sanctification of Shabbat among the biblical commandments; he regards the use of wine as a rabbinic enactment.3

הלכה

Women are obligated in kiddush just like men, because whoever is bound by the prohibition "keep" is also bound by the commandment "remember".4

02

The Friday evening ceremony

הלכה

The text opens with the biblical passage on the completion of creation (Vayechulu), followed by the blessing over wine (בּוֹרֵא פְּרִי הַגָּפֶן) and the blessing on the holiness of the day. For the text, see Friday night Kiddush.5,6,7

הלכה

Kiddush is to be said where one eats ("in the place of the meal"), so dinner follows it immediately.8,9

מנהג⁂ לאימות

Whether kiddush is said standing or sitting varies according to family and community tradition; both practices have support in halakhic literature.

03

Daytime kiddush and holidays

הלכה

Before the Shabbat lunch a shorter kiddush is said, ironically called kiddusha rabba ("the great kiddush"). On holidays the text of kiddush is adapted to the particular holiday.10

נוהג מודרני

In many congregations a social "kiddush" with refreshments is held after the Saturday service; this is a community custom, not a separate ceremony.

שאלות נפוצות

Does it have to be wine?

Grape juice is also fine. If one has no wine, according to halakhic authorities the Friday kiddush may be said over challah; the details vary.⁂ לאימות

Who says kiddush?

Usually one of those present says it on behalf of everyone, and they answer "amen". It may be said by a man or a woman.

מקורות

ראו גם